Integrated circuits have two main advantages over discrete transistors

Integrated circuits have two main advantages for discrete transistors: cost and performance. The low cost is due to the chip printing all components as a unit through photographic lithography technology, rather than producing only one transistor at a time. High performance is due to the fast switching of components, which consumes lower energy because the components are small and close to each other. In 2006, the chip area increased from a few square millimeters to 350 mm;, Per mm² It can reach one million transistors. The first prototype of integrated circuits was developed by Jack&Middleot; Kilby completed it in 1958, which includes a bipolar transistor, three resistors, and a capacitor. Compared to the size of modern technology, it is quite bulky.